Pupils with speech and communication difficulties may be receiving speech and language therapy. While speech will, obviously, be the preferred form of communication, the technologies can offer considerable help for pupils whose speech is inadequate to meet their school communication needs, and may allow the non-verbal pupil to become an active participant, rather than a passive listener.

Technologies that offer alternative forms of communication are sometimes referred to as Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC). These will, generally, be 'high-tech' and their use should be guided by specialist assessment and recommendations. Decisions will be based on a variety of complex factors, such as cognitive and physical ability, communication needs, stage of development and environment. No one system may be adequate, and the technology may be used for different purposes, such as oral and written communication, educational use, and social and personal communication. More detailed information is available from the sources in the final chapter, or from the BECTA 20 factsheets.

Where pupils have reasonable hand function, computer generated speech can be used and there are many software options available for this (e.g. TextHelp and Write:OutLoud). Much of the specialised literacy software, such as Clicker, will have voice output.

Computer programmes also have the ability to provide non-language forms of communication and these can be powerful tools. Overlay keyboards and software such as Widgit and Intellitools allow communication through symbols, or a combination of symbols and words. These can be very motivating for younger pupils, or those with learning difficulties.

Some types of switches can pre-record messages with a human voice. By simply pressing the switch, the pupils can 'speak' and deliver the message.

The LightWriter range of devices are small, portable appliance that pupils can carry with them to give messages. The message is typed in by the user and displayed on a small monitor. Voice output is also available.

Where the pupil with speech difficulty also has significant physical impairment that rules out normal computer use, specialised assessment and more advanced technology will be needed, along with a good support structure. More advanced communication technologies will have to be used, such as DEC TALK, Cameleon and DynaVox.

As with all cases, AAC solutions should be adequately supported to ensure their long-term success, and the technology should be viewed as support for a broader strategy designed to meet the pupil's unique needs.

Non-language forms of communication based on symbols can be useful communication tools, especially for those with significant learning difficulties.